Scripting Languages Vs Programming Languages
Scripting Language Programming Language
1) It is an Interpreter based Language 1) It is a compiler based Language.
2) Interpreter converts high level instructions into machine language line by line 2) Compiler converts the whole program in single short into machine language.
3) It doesn’t create executable file. 3) It Creates .exe file.
4) No need to compile the program Need to compile the program
5) It takes less code 4) It takes numerous lines of code
6) It greatly reduces development time 5) It increases development time
7) It reduces maintenance of cost 7) It Increases maintenance of cost
PERL-Practical Extraction and Reporting Language
# Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall, a linguist working as a systems administrator for NASA, in 1987, as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier.
# Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic Scripting language.
The home of perl is UNIX
Perl Inherited features from UNIX utilities (awk, sed, grep, Smalltalk, Lisp, C, C++, Pascal and UNIX shell.
Perl written in C language.
Perl is free software.
Perl is open source code.
Perl is highly portable Language (supports 76+ Operating systems, Scripts developed in one operating system allows to run on other operating system with/without modifications.)
Perl supports oops concepts known as object oriented perl.
Perl supports database connectivity.
Perl has given CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) modules.website is www.cpan.org
Perl was originally developed for to do manipulations in the text files later it is used in wide range of the following areas
System Administration
Database Administration
Network Programming
Web Development
Software Testing
Hardware Testing
Telecom
Vlsi
Baoinformatics and so on
It is built-in with UNIX and Its flavers like Linux, Solaris etc…
Perl is a case sensitive Language.
Each and every statement should end with (;) semicolon.
Perl is an interpreter based Language.
Extension of perl program is .pl or .plx
Perl supports two types of comments.
Single line comment (#)
Multi line comment
Pod (perl old document)
——
——
Cut
Perl program compilation Process:
Writing a program to display welcome message
#! C:perlbinperl
print “welcome to Perl n”;
print “This is my first program”;
Save with “first.pl”
Running perl Program in Windows
C:perl first.pl
#! It is shebang statement, used for to invoke perl interpreter path.
Running perl Program in UNIX/Linux
$ which perl # it displays location of perl
usr/bin/perl
perl –v # version of perl
$ man perl # help document
$ vi first.pl
#! usr/bin/perl
print “welcome to Perl n”;
print “This is my first program”;
$ perl first.pl
or
$ chmod 755 first.pl
$./first.pl
Chapter-2 (Variables)
Variables
It is a Data name or memory location name.
It is used for to store data value.
Value can change during execution of the program
It is a temporary storage location.
Perl allows implicit variable declaration.
Every variable occupies memory at runtime.
Variables are classified into 3 types
Scalar Variables
Array Variables or List Variables
Hash Variables or Associate Array Variables
1) Scalar Variables
It holds one value.
The value may be Integer or Float or String.
The Variable should begin with $ symbol.
a=10; – wrong
$a=10; – right
2) Array Variables
It is a group of scalar values
It should begin with @ symbol.
3) Hash Array Variables
It is a group of key pair values.
It should begin with % symbol.
1) Scalar Variables
$a=10; # Integer
$b=1.5; # Float
$c=”Gcreddy” #String
$d=”perl is a scripting language” # String
$e=”100” # String
$f=’Perl’ # String
Strings are classified into 3 types
1) Double quoted strings (“ “) or qq with delimiter of any one || or [] or {} or <>
2) Single quoted strings (‘ ‘) or q with delimiter of any one || or [] or {} or <>
3) Back tick / quoted strings (` `) or qx with delimiter of any one || or [] or {} or <>
a) $str=”perl”;
$x= “I like $str”;
print $x;
Output: I like Perl
b) $x= ‘I like $str’;
print $x
Output: I like $str
c) $x= “I like perl n $str”
print $x;
output: I like
Perl
d) $x= ‘I like n $str’;
print $x;
output: I like $x;
e) $str= “I said “Don’t write to disk””; # wrong
$str= “I said |“Don’t write to disk|””; # right
$str= ‘I said “Don’t write to disk”’; # wrong
$str= ‘I said “Don|’t write to disk”’; # right
$str= qq| I said “Don|’t write to disk”|; # right
$str= q|I said “Don’t write to disk”|; # right
f) $x= “Unix/Linux”; # right
$x= qq|Unix/Linux|; # wrong
$x= qq|Unix/Linux|; # right
$x= qq{Unix/Linux}; # wrong
note: qq for variable substitute
q for as it is
qx for OS command
# $x= `dir`;
`md xyz`;
$x= qx|dir|;
print $x;
perl –c pl.pl # compilation ok
Writing output:
Perl p1.pl>a1 # over write
Perl p1.pl>>a2 # add
Perl p1.pl> D:a3 # path
Standard Input / Output Handlers
print () – it used for to write data to the screen
print(“Hello”);
or
print “Hello”;
or
print STDOUT “Hello”;
I/O handlers
1) STDIN
2) STDOUT
3) STDERR
STDIN – It used for to accept input from user
Ex: write a program accepting name and display?
Print “What is your name”;
$name=
print “Hello $name, Good morning”;
chmod ($name); # It is a pre-defined function, it deletes the given string lost line character if it is new line.
Ex2: write a program accept 2 integer values and find sum?
Print “Enter a number 1: “;
Chomp ($a=
Print “Enter a number 2: “;
Chomp ($b=
$c= $a + $b
print “n $a + $b= $c”;
Chapter-3 (Operators)
1) Arithmetic Operators:
+, -, *, /, %, ** (right to left)
a) $a=10;
$b=20;
print $a + $b;
output: 30
b) $a=10;
$b=25abc;
print $a + $b;
output: 35
a) $a=10;
$b=”abc20;
print $a + $b;
output: 10
d) $a=10;
$b=20abc34;
print $a + $b;
output: 30
e) $a=”perl”;
$b=”gcreddy”;
print $a + $b;
output: 0
f) $a=10;
$b=”25abc”;
print $a + $b;
output: 35
print $a .$b;
output: 1025abc
g) $a=2;
$b=3;
print $a ** $b;
output: 8
h) $a=2;
$b=3;
$c=2;
print $a ** $b ** $c;
output: 512
i) $a=2;
$b=3;
$c=2;
print ($a ** $b) ** $c;
output: 64
2) Relational Operators:
i) Numeric Comparison Operators
<, >, <=, >=, ==, !=, <=>
ii) String Comparison Operators
lt, gt, le, ge, eq, ne, cmp
a) $a=100;
$b=20;
$a>$b;
output: true
$a gt $b;
output: false (ansii nos)
b) $x= “tecno”;
$y= “harika”;
$x gt $y;
output: true
$x > $y;
output: false (0,0)
c) $a=100;
$b=20;
$c= $a<=>$b
if a>b output is 1
ay output is 1
x
10) Incremental Operator (++)
$a=10;
$a=$a+1; or $a+=1; or $a++;
11) Detrimental Operators (–)
$a=$a-1; or $a-=1 or $a–;
——————-****—————-****——————
Chapter-4 (Control flow statements)
a) Conditional Statements:
1) Simple if condition
if (condition)
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
Statements
——–
——–
——–
2) Simple unless
unless (condition)
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
Statements
——–
——–
——–
3) If….else
if (condition)
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
else
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
Statements
——–
——–
——–
4) unless….else
unless (condition)
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
else
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
Statements
——–
——–
——–
5) if….elseif…else
if (condition)
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
else if (condition)
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
else if (condition)
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
else
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
Statements
——–
——–
——–
6) Single line if statement
statement if (condition);
Statements
——–
——–
7) Single line unless statement
statement unless (condition);
Statements
——–
——–
b) Loop Statements:
1) While Loop
while (condition)
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
Statements
——–
——–
——–
2) until Loop
until (condition)
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
Statements
——–
——–
——–
3) Do while Loop
do
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
while (condition)
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
4) Do until Loop
do
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
until (condition)
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
5) For Loop
for (initiation; condition; increment/decrement)
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
Statements
——–
——–
——–
6) Foreach Loop
foreach variable (list of variables)
{
Statements
——–
——–
——–
}
Statements
——–
——–
——–
7) Last keyword:
It is used for to terminate the loop; it is same as break in ‘C’ Language.
While (condition)
{
Statements
——–
——–
last;
——–
——–
}
Statements
——–
——–
——–
Next keyword:
It is a keyword, used for to place control at beginning of the loop. It is same as continue in ‘C’ language.
While (condition)
{
Statements
——–
——–
next;
——–
——–
}
Statements
——–
——–
——–
Examples:
1) Write a program accepting a number and check given number is 3 digit number or not?
Print “Enter a number: “;
Chomp ($n=
If ($n >=100 && $a <=999) { print “$n is a 3 digit number”; } else { print $n is not a 3 digit number”; 2) Write a program accepting user name and password and check for given user name & password are valid or not? Print “n Enter user name”; Chomp ($uname=
Print “n Enter password”;
Chomp ($pwd=
If ($uname eq “tecno” && $pwd eq “soft”
{
print “n welcome to tecnosoft”;
}
else
{
print “n invalid user name or password”;
}
3) Write a program to print numbers 1 to 10?
$num=1;
while ($num ,=10)
{
print “$num n”;
$num++
}
(or)
for ($num=1; $num <= 10; $num++)
{
print “$num n”;
}
(or)
foreach $num(1..10)
{
print “$num n”;
}
(or)
foreach (1..10)
{
print “$_ n”;
}
(or)
foreach (1..10)
{
print ;
}
Note: $_ is Perl special and default variable. If we don’t declare any variable for reading data then Perl will store the value in default variable.
